Semiconductors are critical to modern technologies, empowering applications from mobile phones to the industrial Internet of Things (Iot). However, their production is capital- and R&D-intensive, with dispersed supply chains across the globe. New production sites can cost over 10 billion USD, taking years to build and requiring equipment from various countries. These sites also consume significant amounts of energy, contributing to a significant CO2 footprint and generating hazardous waste. To build resilience against supply chain shocks, differentiate products, and mitigate the industry's environmental impact, an in-depth understanding of the technology and market is essential.